While leisure limitations have long been the subject of research, there has recently been a growing trend in academic studies that examine such limitations in terms of tourism and disability. However, as those studies are merely limited to the identification and elaboration of the barriers and limitations., the current study sought to investigate the influence of such limitations on the target population. Therefore, based on the study conducted by Lee et al. (2012), the current study set out to investigate the effect of perceived travel limitations on the tourism tendency of physically Disabled individuals living in Tehran, Iran, using Seligman's Helplessness Theory. The required data for this applied, descriptive-analytical correlational study was collected through a survey using a researcher-developed questionnaire. The statistical population of the study comprised all physically Disabled people, those suffering from spinal cord injury, and war-Disabled individuals living in Tehran, out of whom 383 people were selected as the sample size using the convenience sampling method. The findings of the study indicated that tourism limitations perceived by the Disabled residents of Tehran did not significantly affect their tourism tendencies. On the other hand, the perceived tourism limitations exerted a positive influence on their learned helplessness. Finally, the learned helplessness of people with disabilities negatively affected their intention to travel. The results of the present study can be used by relevant institutions such as Tehran's municipality, those responsible for urban management, and institutions in charge of the affairs of Disabled people.

Investigating the effect of social rejection and self-efficacy on the tendency of Disabled people to travel (case study: Disabled people of Babolsar city) Introduction: Theorists argue that disability is a form of social oppression and exclusion, and Disabled people experience considerable inequality in all dimensions of social life. Education, health, employment, housing and transportation are among these inequalities. Although Disabled people are very interested in tourism activities, they do not travel much because of the unpleasant negative experiences they have during vacations and trips. The conditions for the travel of Disabled people should be provided. Such as infrastructural facilities, accommodation and transportation. Social conditions such as family companionship, job, income, and physical and medical conditions of Disabled people also affect the motivation and desire to travel. The suitability of the place of residence, transportation facilities, access and services at the destination should also be compatible with the needs of the Disabled. The status of social exclusion of Disabled people and how it is distributed among them is one of the important issues of social studies of disability and social justice. In this descriptive-analytical research, the effects of social exclusion dimensions on the tendency of Disabled people to travel were investigated. Methodology: This review was done with a quantitative method using documental studies and survey. The statistical population includes 2103 Disabled people of Babolsar city, and using Cochran's formula, 325 people were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. In order to check the validity of the content, necessary consultations were conducted with professors in the field of tourism, and according to them, the proposed problems were corrected, and in the re-survey, it was ensured that the questionnaire has the necessary validity. To measure reliability, a sample of 30 people completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability, which was equal to 0. 75. The operational definition of the components of social exclusion has been modeled on the studies conducted by Sebaktin Rizi and Mouszadeh (2016) and Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). The reliability of this scale was more than 0. 80 in the study of Sobaktekin Rizi and Mouszadeh and 0. 79 in the study of Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). These two studies have used the verified scale of Hoff and Vrooman (2011), which includes 24 items and has been operationalized in the form of four dimensions of social participation, normative integrity, access to social rights, and material deprivation. In this study, these four components of travel and tourism related documents have been used. The reliability value of self-efficacy was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 83. The analysis was done in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics and with SPSS software. Findings: The average tendency to travel is 2. 97 of 5, which indicates the low level of tendency of Disabled people to travel. The average feeling of self-efficacy, social participation and normative integrity is also at the average level. According to the average, the feeling of material deprivation (4. 07 of 5) of Disabled people is at a high level, and on the other hand, the average access to social rights (2. 03 of 5) shows the low access of Disabled people to social rights. The findings indicate that the tendency of Disabled people to travel, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights are at a lower-than-average level, and social participation, normative integration and sense of self-efficacy are at an average level. Social participation and feeling of self-efficacy had a positive effect on the tendency of Disabled people to travel. In other words, by increasing social participation and improving the sense of self-efficacy, Disabled people tend to travel more. On the other hand, normative integrity, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights did not affect the tendency to travel. Bivariate analyzes also indicated that there is no significant difference in the tendency of Disabled people to travel according to gender, marital status, age, education, type of disability. Conclusion: Self-efficacy has the greatest relationship with intention, so that if a person believes that she/he can successfully perform an adaptive behavior, there is a high probability that she/he will take action. According to this opinion, the belief of Disabled people that they can go on a trip and enjoy the trip increases their intention to go on a trip and use related services. But if they overestimate the costs of such work. Such as understanding the negative attitude of the society, the feeling of shame, the feeling of helplessness, the financial expenses and the lack of proper facilities, the sense of self-efficacy and effectiveness decreases in them. They become isolated because they think that being alone and distancing themselves from others can protect them from the social stigma of disability. To remove attitudinal barriers and participation, it is necessary to increase public awareness in social and support institutions and recognize the right of Disabled people to establish social relations and participate in the public domain. Also, it is necessary not to consider only the problem of the physically Disabled and medical and rehabilitation approaches should be aligned with social and cultural approaches. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the required foundations in the form of psychological, human and structural conditions, and take necessary measures to improve the conditions. This study provides a more distinct picture of the dimensions of social exclusion of the Disabled and its effect on the tendency to travel and tourism. Disabled people are not very familiar with their social rights and are only supported by their families. Since tourism can be effective in strengthening mental health and their return to the society, providing the ground for people's organizations of the Disabled and providing the ground for the tourism of the Disabled as one of the new tourism markets should be given more attention. Ethical Considerations Authors’ contributions All authors contributed in producing of the research. Funding In the present study, all expenses were borne by the authors, and they did not have any sponsors. Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments In this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully listed.

This article allocate to Disabled people prayer and it surveys the bowing rule prayer in Disabled people and MS patients. These people require bow sitting but they may be able to bow to the main form.The main purpose of this article is to answer this question: if the Disabled people was able to stand before or after bowing, what’s his/ her duty? Should he/she bow sitting and then stand or should continue bowing to the same manner and stand after bowing or should be satisfied to sitting and appointed to sitting.The results show that standing attached to bowing is known as bowing and its necessary it compliances with the kind of bowing, but standing after bowing is an independent obligatory that if there is the ability for performing it, it should be do standing although the bowing has performed sitting.

Introduction: Disability is defined as the incapability of performing all or part of the normal activities of individual or social life due to congenital or acquired defects in the physical or mental abilities. Giving rights of Disabled people and empowering them to have an independent life and to participate in all aspects of life rely on making appropriate urban environments. Disability and challenge of environment appropriateness in the current era are an irrefutable truth. Modern societies deal with this fact in an actual manner and to this large minority, they give rights and are committed to performing them. Critical review of resources: The question of whether the government has an obligation to provide equal access for Disabled people has not been addressed in the written works on the rights of people with disabilities, which has been criticized. Another unanswered question is whether not using the usual infrastructure facilities of society by the Disabled is due to a defect in these people or it is due to a lack of urban infrastructureDiscussion: Research has argued that since our country, Iran, is based on the Islamic state, the question arises as to whether equal access for the Disabled as a right is recognized in the foundations of Islamic jurisprudence, including the Qur’ an and tradition And whether the government, on the one hand, and the Islamic community, on the other hand, have such an assignment to such a right. This article was written using analytical-descriptive method and the rules and principles defined in the ijtihad course and tried to find an appropriate answer to this question. Awareness of the Islamic approach to disability phenomenon, while eliminating some misconceptions, has an effective impact on improving Disabled people’ s attitude towards themselves and society’ s attitude towards them. Also, it is considered as a basis for the demand and supply of special services to the Disabled and their other social rights. Moreover, with the advancement of modern societies in the provision and promotion of services for the Disabled, if a religious government like our beloved Iran, cannot be present, at the present time, at least on theoretical foundations-alongside these countries, definitely in the future will move backward in this race. Findings: The findings of the research indicated that the general and religious evidence point to the rights to equal access and the necessity of the presence of people with disabilities in the society, and the government cannot, and has no such right that due to the lack of conditions and by keeping the process of access for everyone silent, always and permanently deprive people with disabilities from social responsibilities. But the right to proper implementation and the rights to the equal access are obligatory to the government.

Objective: There are so many people with disabilities worldwide. This condition has led to taking various national and international measures regarding the rights of people with disabilities. Protecting the rights of people with disabilities in the context of international methods is an important issue that has been explored for years. This study aims to explain the dimensions of the rights of people with disabilities in Iran. Materials & Methods: In this study, the meta-synthesis method was used, and the statistical population of the research articles was extracted from various research databases, such as Magiran, Normgaz, Regional Information Center for Science and Technology, Science Net Database, Nematan, Civilica, and Humanities Portal were selected. In this study, based on the inclusion criteria, such as title, abstract, content, and quality assessment of studies, 14 articles were finally selected for study analysis. In addition, the time frame of this research is from 2009 to 2020. Also, this study used the 7-step method of Sandelowski and Barros (2007) to analyze the research data. Results: The most important rights of the Disabled are employment, human value and dignity, education, belonging, proper design of urban furniture, access to health services, elimination of social discrimination, recreation and leisure, social security, freedom, and transportation. By reviewing and integrating the initial findings in this study, after going back and forth between sub-fields, 7 main fields of disability rights were obtained: cultural, economic, political, architectural and urban rights, social, medical, and legal rights. This study examined the content validity ratio and content validity index. The opinions of 8 experts in this field have been used to calculate this ratio. Concerning the content validity ratio, it should be said that it was acceptable for all dimensions. The Kappa index has been used to measure the reliability of the designed model,the kappa coefficient is calculated to be 87%, which is at a high level of the agreement due to the status of the kappa index. Conclusion: Legally, people with disabilities have cultural, economic, political, architectural, urban, social, medical, and legal rights. Different and negative views of managers and individuals in society have led to disregarding the rights of people with disabilities. Lack of proper knowledge about people with disabilities and subsequent marginalization will have negative consequences. Proper knowledge of this phenomenon and awareness of the capabilities of people with disabilities is an effective step toward developing a country. Most people with disabilities have been deprived of their basic social, economic, political, and cultural rights. In this regard, pervasive stereotypes, attitudes, and discrimination have reinforced this injustice. It is worthwhile that by changing the perspective of the international community, government, and citizens, able-bodied people can live a just life alongside others. The Iranian government can assist people with disabilities in enacting and enforcing various laws on the rights of persons with disabilities.

Background: Ablution area is one of the facilities used by most Muslims in all categories. There are numbers of de-sign guidelines for praying facilities but lack on ablution area specification. Therefore, this study was conducted to design an ergonomic ablution area for the Muslim‟s Disabled and elderly based on their preferences and anthropomet-ric dimension.Methods: Kano questionnaires and user evaluation form, was used to investigate the preferences of elderly and disa-bled in ablution area to 20 respondents at Masjid Bulat, Petaling Jaya and Masjid Kampung Kerinchi, Pantai Dalam, Kuala Lumpur in 2015. Anthropometric dimension of elderly and Disabled people was measured. Besides, dimensions of two existing ablution units at selected mosques were evaluated using „Ablution Unit Dimension Evaluation‟ form.Results: New ablution area design was developed based on elderly and Disabled people anthropometric dimension and user preferences as well as user satisfaction survey. This study can be considered as preliminary study for the de-velopment of ergonomic ablution unit design.Conclusion: It is hoped that the findings and recommendations from this research will be referred by the stakehold-ers to determine the best solution to increase the level of comfort and accessibility for elderly and Disabled at mosques in Malaysia.

One of the most important economic roles in any system is a support for low-income and fair distribution of income. More equitable distribution tools of income can be tax exemptions that are mainly performed to correct on income distribution and poverty reduction. In developed countries, individual income tax exemption has a more comprehensive and attention. One of these tax exemptions is related to people with disabilities. Our study shows that in most capitalist countries Disabled income or their heads is tax exemptions or deductions targeted. But in Iran, support for Disabled mainly in the form of a fraction of the cost of treatment and care of their taxable income. Supporting the Disabled community with the goal of promoting health and empowering them is one of the main topics of general policies of the health system. In this research we show, if the taxable income of Disabled people or their heads in addition to medical expenses, accepted as a tax exemption or increase income tax exemption ceiling, could be beneficial in reduction of income inequality that is one of the objectives of tax policy.